Wage & Hour Counsel : Wage & Hour Lawyer & Attorney : Littler Mendelson Law Firm : Employment Law, Labor Relations

By Stephen Fuchs

In a welcome decision for employers, Tracy v. NVR Inc., the federal District Court for the Western District of New York granted the employer’s motion to decertify a collective action under the FLSA and denied the plaintiffs’ motion to certify a class action pursuant to Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The case involved a putative class of Home Sales and Marketing Representatives (SMRs) who claimed they were misclassified as exempt outside sales representatives.

The key issue in the case was whether the SMRs satisfied the outside sales exemption requirement that they work away from the employer’s business for the requisite period of time each week. In denying certification of the Rule 23 state law class action, the Tracy court cited the U.S. Supreme Court’s recent decisions in Comcast Corp. v. Behrend, which held that class certification requires a classwide method of measuring damages, and Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., which held that commonality requires not only common questions, but also common answers to those questions. Applying these principles, the court found that because the SMRs worked in different locations, under different supervisors, and performed duties outside of their offices in varying degrees and in different ways, their claims “as well as any determinations to be made concerning damages – are too highly individualized to form the basis for a class action.” Moreover, the court concluded, “the interests of judicial economy would not be served by the hundreds of fact-intensive ‘mini-trials’ that a class action of this nature would require.”

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California Labor Code sections 515.5 and 515.6 provide that certain computer software employees, as well as licensed physicians and surgeons, are exempt from state overtime requirements if they receive a minimum hourly, monthly, or yearly rate. The rate is determined annually based upon changes to the California Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers. Because the Index experienced a 2.6% increase from August 2011 to August 2012, the California Division of Labor Standards Enforcement (DLSE) adjusted the rates these individuals must be paid to be considered overtime-exempt.

Computer Software

Effective January 1, 2013, the DLSE announced a $1.01 increase in the hourly rate for computer professionals, from $38.89 to $39.90 per hour. The monthly rate increases $175.56, from $6,752.19 to $6,927.75 per month. Finally, the annual salary increases $2,106.68, from $81,026.25 to $83,132.93 per year.

Licensed Physicians or Surgeons

Effective January 1, 2012, DLSE announced a $1.84 increase in the hourly rate for licensed physicians and surgeons, from $70.86 to $72.70 per hour.

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In Rindfleisch v. Gentiva Health Services, Inc., five former home healthcare clinicians brought claims on behalf of a class of thousands of registered nurses, physical therapists, and occupational therapists for alleged overtime violations, asserting they were misclassified as exempt employees and therefore denied overtime compensation for hours worked over 40 in a workweek. A federal district court recently denied class certification of the plaintiffs’ state law misclassification claims, finding the claims were too individualized and that proceeding as a class action would render the case unmanageable. To learn more about the decision, please continue reading at Littler’s Healthcare Employment Counsel.

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By Mhairi Whitton

In a consolidated decision in three actions against Bayer Corporation, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, and Roche Laboratories, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed summary judgment for the pharmaceutical companies, holding that their pharmaceutical sales representatives (PSRs) were properly classified as administratively exempt under California law.

Specifically, the court found that:

• The employees’ duties involved “the performance of . . . non-manual work directly related to management policies or general business operations” of their employers, in that they were involved in representing their respective employers and “promoting sales of prescription drugs within their assigned territories.”
• In terms of the so-called “administrative/production worker dichotomy,” the court found that the sales representatives were not involved in developing or manufacturing pharmaceuticals and therefore fell squarely on the administrative side of the dichotomy.
• The duties they performed, which included improving market share and generating a large amount of business for the company, were of “substantial importance to the management or operations of the business.” The court found it “not determinative” that the PSRs did not participate in the formulation of their employers’ sales and promotional policies at the corporate level.
• he PSRs “customarily and regularly” exercised “discretion and independent judgment,” in applying their training, customizing their messages based on their knowledge of individual physicians, and distinguishing their products from those of their competitors.
• The sales representatives performed their functions under only general supervision, controlling how they spent their time, and the work they did required specialized sales training.

As the plaintiffs did not contest the fact that they earned more than twice the California minimum wage, the Ninth Circuit concluded that they satisfied each aspect of the administrative exemption.

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By Brian Mosby

In welcome news for employers who treat “team leaders” as exempt pursuant to the executive exemption, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals, in Ramos v. Baldor Specialty Foods, Inc., held that a “team” of workers can qualify as a “customarily recognized subdivision or department” for purposes of determining whether their supervisor can qualify for the executive exemption.

The plaintiffs worked as night shift “captains” in the company’s warehouse department. Captains oversaw teams of pickers. Captains made sure the pickers arrived to work on time and performed their duties as expected. Captains could assign work depending on the captain’s trust of the picker, or the picker’s speed and productivity. Captains prepared the team’s distinct work area for the shift. At the end of the shift, captains, who report to the night warehouse manager, prepared a productivity report for each picker. The reports impact whether the night warehouse manager will award the picker a productivity bonus. Captains have the ability to request pickers transfer to a different team. The night warehouse manager typically grants these requests. Captains recommend pay raises, issue warnings, and have the authority to fire pickers. For their work, captains earn $700 per week.

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Today the U.S. Supreme Court issued its highly anticipated opinion in Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., one of the only U.S. Supreme Court cases to address overtime exemptions under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), and the first to address the criteria for the application of the “outside sales” exemption. In a 5-4 decision written by Justice Samuel Alito, the Supreme Court held that pharmaceutical sales representatives who were employed by GlaxoSmithKline PLC, formerly known as SmithKline Beecham Corp., were primarily engaged in “sales,” and therefore were properly classified as exempt under the FLSA’s outside sales exemption. To learn more about the decision and its implications for employers, please continue reading at Littler's Healthcare Employment Counsel.

Additionally, for a more detailed analysis of the decision, please see Littler's ASAP, U.S. Supreme Court Holds Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives Are Exempt Outside Sales Employees and Rebukes DOL's Efforts to Regulate Via Amicus Filings, by Lisa Schreter, Richard Black, and Libby Henninger.

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Last week a number of bills were introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate that seek to amend the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and prevent an FLSA-related regulation from moving forward. Some measures would toughen the statute by adding stronger pay discrimination nonretaliation provisions and increasing the minimum wage, while others target the FLSA’s minimum wage and overtime exemption provisions. To learn more about the bills and their potential implications for employers, please continue reading at Littler's Washington D.C. Employment Law Update.

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Last week, in Cash v. Winn, a California Court of Appeal flatly rejected an exception to the personal attendant exemption from overtime for individuals who provide in-home “health care services.” Under California Industrial Welfare Commission Wage Order No. 15-2001 (“Wage Order”). individuals employed as “personal attendants,” defined to mean employees who “supervise, feed, or dress” the client, are exempt from overtime pay requirements. However, if the caretaker performs a “significant amount of work” in addition to these tasks, the caretaker is not exempt from overtime pay requirements. In addition, with certain exceptions, if the caretaker is a registered nurse employed to engage in the practice of nursing in the home, the nurse is not exempt from overtime pay requirements.

The issue the court addressed in Winn was whether there exists an additional exception to the personal attendant exemption rule if a caretaker, who is not a licensed nurse, performs any form of health care related services for an elderly client. After conducting a thorough analysis of the relevant case law and statutory authority, the Fourth District Court of Appeal concluded that such an exception was inconsistent with the spirit and letter of the Wage Order. To learn more about the decision and its potential implications for employers please continue reading at Littler’s Healthcare Employment Counsel.

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The Seventh Circuit has weighed in on the employers’ side of the pharmaceutical sales representative exemption issue, finding that pharmaceutical sales representatives at Abbott Laboratories, Inc. and Eli Lilly & Company were properly classified as exempt under the administrative exemption to the overtime requirements of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). In Schaefer-LaRose v. Eli Lilly & Co., the Seventh Circuit issued a consolidated opinion in two cases in which the district courts had reached opposite results, with one court ruling in favor of the plaintiffs and the other ruling against. To read more about the Seventh Circuit's decision and its implications for employers, please continue reading at Littler's Healthcare Employment Counsel.

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By Libby Henninger

The U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments today in Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., a case to determine whether pharmaceutical sales representatives (PSRs) qualify for the outside sales exemption under the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). The Supreme Court’s opinion will settle a split between the Second and Ninth Circuits in which the Second Circuit held that PSRs are not making sales under the FLSA and – in the underlying case – the Ninth Circuit held that they are, qualifying them as outside sales employees. A broader issue to be decided by the Court is the level of deference owed to a regulatory agency that announces new substantive positions through amicus curiae filings. Here, the Second Circuit’s opinion was largely based on a position taken by the Department of Labor (DOL) through an amicus brief where it advocated that the PSRs do not qualify for an exemption to the FLSA’s overtime requirements. The Ninth Circuit rejected the DOL’s position, finding it need not be afforded deference under Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452 (1997).

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Earlier this week, GlaxoSmithKline PLC, formerly known as SmithKline Beecham Corporation, filed its brief in the U.S. Supreme Court in Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corporation, one of the only Supreme Court cases to address the overtime exemptions under the Fair Labor Standards Act, and the first to address the criteria for the outside sales exemption. At issue is whether pharmaceutical sales representatives qualify for the outside sales exemption because pharmaceuticals are generally purchased by end-users at pharmacies, which purchase from wholesale distributors. The Court's decision may have far-reaching implications, not only for the pharmaceutical industry, but also for other industries that depend on representatives to call on customers at their place of business to generate sales, although the actual sales orders are placed by customers through a centralized order and distribution center or similar process. The case is also significant because it may determine the extent to which courts are required to defer to U.S. Department of Labor's changing interpretations of federal employment statutes and regulations. To learn more about the case and its potential implications for employers, please continue reading Littler's ASAP, Supreme Court to Decide Significant Case on the Outside Sales Overtime Exemption, by Richard Black and Bradley Strawn. To learn more about how the case progressed through the courts, please see our previous posts on the trial court decision, the appellate court decision, and the Supreme Court agreeing to review and resolve the matter.

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By Jeanne Barber

As we reported earlier, the New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development (DLWD)amended its wage and hour regulations in September 2011 to eliminate inconsistencies between state and federal overtime law. In so doing, the DLWD inadvertently omitted the exemption for commissioned sales employees, commonly referred to as the “inside sales” exemption, from the amendment. The DLWD’s mistake, which it acknowledged was inadvertent, potentially put employers at risk for misclassification lawsuits.

Now, however, the DLWD has corrected its error, and on February 21, 2012, the exemption was fully restored. The regulation now defines “administrative” employee to include an employee whose: (1) primary duty is sales; (2) total compensation is comprised of at least 50% commissions; and (3) total compensation is $400 or more per week.

Notably, the restored New Jersey “inside sales” exemption differs from the exemptions available under federal law. As a result, employers should carefully analyze whether their commissioned sales employees qualify as exempt under both state and federal law.

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By Laurent Badoux

On January 27, 2012, the United States District Court for the District of Arizona granted AutoZone’s motion for summary judgment in a case brought on behalf of a nationwide class of current and former store managers seeking overtime pay under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). In so ruling, the court rejected the store managers’ argument that they were not bona fide executive employees under the FLSA.

The store managers contended they spent as much as 90% of their time working on manual (i.e., non-managerial) tasks that required rote compliance with AutoZone’s detailed, standardized policies and procedures. Therefore, the store managers contended, they were not exempt executive employees.

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In Duran v. U.S. Bank National Association, the California Court of Appeal, First Appellate District, overturned a $15 million judgment against U.S. Bank ("USB") entered in a case tried before Alameda County Superior Court Judge Robert Freedman. In its lengthy and very detailed opinion, the court shredded all the major trial management and evidentiary rulings made by the trial court, holding that its use of flawed statistical evidence and refusal to admit relevant testimony in support of USB's defense of exempt status denied USB its right to due process. In the first California appellate decision to apply the U.S. Supreme Court's 2011 Wal-Mart Stores v. Dukes decision, the court determined that the trial management plan was a fatally flawed exercise in "Trial by Formula." As a final repudiation of the trial court's rulings, the Duran court also ruled that the class should be decertified. To learn more about the decision and its potential implications for employers, please continue reading Littler's ASAP, "Trial by Formula" Rejected and $15M Overtime Judgment Overturned, by Diane Kimberlin.

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By Diane Kimberlin

On January 24, 2012, the California Court of Appeal, Fourth Appellate District, issued an important decision providing new and needed guidance on the commissioned sales exemption. In Muldrow v. Surrex Solutions Corporation, the court concluded that a class of “senior consulting service managers” was exempt from overtime pay requirements.

Although California courts require an employee be “involved principally” in “selling” in order to qualify for the commissioned sales exemption, there has been very little guidance on the meaning of this requirement. Muldrow supplies that guidance. It also addresses another previously unanswered question: must a commission be based solely on the price of goods or services sold, or may it include other factors? 

The plaintiffs were employed by Surrex to locate candidates to fill job orders placed with Surrex by its client companies. They used an internal database, made cold calls, and used other resources to find suitable candidates. They worked to convince the candidate that the job was desirable and convince the client company that the candidate was a good fit for the job. The plaintiffs were required to “nail down” the client’s rate, the candidate’s rate and to make sure that deals held together. Surrex was paid only when a placement was complete.

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By James Oh, Andrew Voss and Tracy Stott Pyles

After a trial to the court in September 2011, the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio entered judgment on January 5, 2012 in favor of Defendant Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, on all claims alleged against it by a nationwide class of Special Investigators who claimed they were misclassified as exempt from the overtime requirements of the FLSA and New York and California state wage laws.

The case was initially filed in September 2007 in federal court in California, and venue was transferred to the Southern District of Ohio, where Nationwide is headquartered. Notice to opt-in was issued nationwide to current and former Special Investigators, and ninety-one joined the action.

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By Alison S. Hightower

In a long-awaited decision, the California Supreme Court unanimously gave California employers a holiday present in an opinion that follows the majority of federal courts in finding that insurance claims adjusters are exempt administrative employees.

At issue in Harris v. Superior Court was the exempt status of a certified class of Liberty Mutual insurance claims adjusters who the California Court of Appeal found did not satisfy the requirements of the administrative exemption as a matter of law. Under California law exempt administrative employees must receive a minimum compensation of not less than two times the minimum wage, and also (1) perform office or non-manual work “directly related to management policies or general business operations of his/her employer or his/her employer’s customers,” and (2) “customarily and regularly exercise discretion and independent judgment.”

The administrative exemption has been one of the most hotly-contested and litigated of California’s overtime exemptions. This decision provides more clarity on the application of the exemption, and the role of the “administrative/production worker dichotomy” as an analytical tool in assessing exempt status.

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By Christopher Kaczmarek and Joseph Lazazzero

The First Circuit Court of Appeals recently held that banquet sales managers qualified for the administrative exemption to the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). The court reached this holding in the case of Hines v. State Room, Inc. even though the banquet sales managers were bound by a price schedule established by their employer and therefore had virtually no authority to make financial decisions.

In this case, the banquet sales managers were responsible for contacting potential clients, assisting clients in selecting the appropriate venue, and designing a function so as to meet the client’s objectives and budgetary constraints. The “vast majority” of their work involved “unscripted conversations” with current and potential customers regarding the details of the event.

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By Alison Andolena

On November 16, 2011, the New Jersey Appellate Division affirmed a finding that registered nurses who were paid on an hourly basis were exempt from the overtime requirements of the New Jersey Wage and Hour Law (“NJWHL”), even though the regulation applicable at the time only extended the “professional” exemption to employees compensated on a “salary or fee basis.”

In Anderson v. Phoenix Health Care, Inc., the court explained that while the regulation specifically provides that exempt professionals must be paid on a salary or fee basis, for the past 40 years the New Jersey Division of Wage and Hour Compliance’s enforcement policy had been “consistently administered” to extend the exemption to professionals paid on an hourly basis so long as their total weekly compensation exceeded the minimum set forth in the regulation. Deferring to the Division’s longstanding interpretation, the court stated that a change to such a longstanding policy must come from an amendment of the regulation or through the legislative process. In addition, the court found that the good faith exception would have applied even if the exemption was held not to apply to hourly-paid nurses. 

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The U.S. Supreme Court has agreed to resolve in Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp. (11-204) whether the Fair Labor Standards Act’s (FLSA) outside sales exemption applies to pharmaceutical sales representatives (PSRs). The Court also will consider whether deference is owed to the Secretary of Labor's own interpretation of the FLSA exemption and related regulations. At stake is not only how an estimated 90,000 PSRs are to be paid under the FLSA, but also the deference to be paid to amicus briefs filed by the Department of Labor (DOL).

The FLSA’s outside sales exemption relieves from the Act’s overtime requirements “any employee employed . . . in the capacity of outside salesman (as such terms are defined and delimited from time to time by regulations of the Secretary).” Specifically, the regulations explain that an employee who works as an outside salesman is one:

(1) Whose primary duty is: (i) making sales within the meaning of section 3(k) of the Act; or (ii) obtaining orders or contracts for services or for the use of facilities for which a consideration will be paid by the client or customer; and (2) Who is primarily and regularly engaged away from the employer's place or places of business in performing such primary duty.

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As previously discussed, in recent amendments to its overtime regulations, New Jersey had inadvertently eliminated the exemption for sales employees paid on commission, which closely tracked an exemption in Section 7(i) of the Fair Labor Standards Act (sometimes known as the "inside sales" exemption).

After Littler assisted in drawing attention to this issue, the New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development published on November 21, 2011, a proposed amendment to its regulations designed to restore the exemption. A public hearing on the proposed amendment is scheduled for Tuesday, December 13, 2011, and written comments are due by January 20, 2012. Final regulations, then, could issue as early as February.

To learn more about the proposed amendment and its implications for employers, please continue reading Littler's ASAP, New Jersey Issues Proposed Regulations to Restore Its Exemption for Commissioned Sales Employees, by Tammy McCutchen.

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Under the California Labor Code, certain computer software employees, as well as licensed physicians and surgeons, are exempt from state overtime requirements if they receive a minimum hourly, monthly or yearly rate. The rate is determined annually based upon changes to the California Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers. Because the Index experienced a 2.5% increase over the past year, the California Division of Labor Standards Enforcement (DLSE) adjusted the rates these individuals must be paid to be considered overtime-exempt.

Computer Software Employee

Effective January 1, 2012, DLSE announced a 95-cent increase in the hourly rate for computer professionals, from $37.94 to $38.89 per hour. The monthly rate increases $164.69, from $6,587.50 to $6,752.19 per month. Finally, the annual salary increases $1,976.25, from $79,050 to $81,026.25 per year.

Licensed Physicians or Surgeons

Effective January 1, 2012, DLSE announced a $1.73 increase in the hourly rate for licensed physicians and surgeons, from $69.13 to $70.86 per hour.

Photo credits: arakonyunus and Inkastudio

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Bipartisan legislation introduced in the Senate last week would update the Fair Labor Standards Act’s (FLSA) computer employee exemption. Section 13(a)(17) of the FLSA establishes minimum wage and overtime exemptions for computer systems analysts, computer programmers, software engineers, or other similarly skilled workers provided that these employees’ specific job duties and compensation meet certain requirements. To learn more about the legislation and its potential implications for employers, please continue reading at Littler's Washington D.C. Employment Law Update blog.

Photo credit: PressFoto

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By Tammy McCutchen*

There has been an important change in New Jersey law which may require employers to take immediate action: In recent amendments to its overtime regulations, New Jersey eliminated the exemption for sales employees paid on commission, which closely tracked an exemption in Section 7(i) of the Fair Labor Standards Act (sometimes known as the “inside sales” exemption). Because New Jersey law is now more protective than the FLSA, at present, it appears likely that employers cannot classify commissioned inside sales employees as exempt from overtime pay.

Like the FLSA, the New Jersey overtime pay statute includes exemptions for executive, administrative, professional and outside sales employees. See New Jersey Statutes § 34:11-56a4. Although the New Jersey statute does not contain an exemption similar to the FLSA Section 7(i), the New Jersey regulations had defined “administrative” employees as including “an employee whose primary duty consists of sales activity and who receives at least 50 percent of his or her total compensation from commissions and a total compensation of not less than $400.00 per week.” N.J.A.C. § 12:56-7.2(b).

New Jersey recently amended 12:56-7.2 of their regulations so that it simply adopts the federal regulations at 29 C.F.R. Part 541; the regulation now states: “Except as set forth in (b) below, the provisions of 29 CFR Part 541 are adopted herein by reference.”

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By Milton Castro

California Governor Edmund G. Brown recently signed Assembly Bill No. 587 (AB 587) into effect, one of two recent amendments to the California Labor Code. Before AB 587, volunteer workers were exempted from the Code’s requirement that all workers employed on public works projects be paid not less than the general prevailing rate of per diem wages, but only until January 1, 2012. AB 587 extends the exemption by five years, to January 1, 2017.

When the exemption was first introduced in 2004, proponents argued that a public works exemption for volunteers was needed due to the “importance of volunteers in building community support for local projects,” many of which included environmental projects such as restoration of streams and wetlands. AB 587’s proponents claim that the exemption has since proven successful and thus its extension is necessary to allow volunteers, many of whom are students, to continue participating in preservation activities on public lands.

Photo credit: Mangostock

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By Alison Hightower

A social worker required to hold a bachelor’s degree in social or human services, behavioral science or an allied field does not necessarily qualify as a “learned professional,” properly exempt from overtime under the Fair Labor Standards Act, the Ninth Circuit recently held in Solis v. State of Washington DSHS (No. 10-35590 (Sept. 9, 2011).

The social workers in question were public employees of the State of Washington’s Department of Social and Health Services (DSHS), tasked with identifying the needs of children and their families and arranging for services to assure the children’s safety and well-being. Their obligations included investigating child abuse and neglect, developing treatment plans and recommending such plans to the courts, evaluating the progress children and families made in following those treatment plans, making placement decisions, and even recommending whether parental rights should be terminated.

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By Michael Gregg

A federal district court recently issued a decision in Hernandez v. Alpine Logistics, LLC, that requires employers to pay overtime compensation to employees who are otherwise exempt from overtime under the Motor Carrier Act for any workweek that the employee operates a vehicle weighing 10,000 pounds or less.

The primary issue in Alpine Logistics was whether employees who drove both larger vehicles (10,001 pounds or more) and smaller vehicles (10,000 pounds or less) were exempt from overtime under the Motor Carrier Exemption. The court pointed to Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division Fact Sheet # 19 in support of its holding that employees who drove both larger and smaller vehicles during the same workweek were entitled to overtime compensation. The court held that the Motor Carrier Exemption does not apply to an employee during workweeks in which the employee operates a smaller vehicle even if the employee also operates a larger vehicle during the same week.

Employers with a mixed fleet of vehicles should review their classification decisions and/or vehicle assignments to assess any potential exposure the Alpine Logistics decision may present.

To learn more about the decision and its implications for employers, please continue reading Littler's ASAP, Employers that Operate a Mixed Fleet of Vehicles May Lose the Motor Carrier Overtime Exemption.

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In Zelasko-Barrett v. Brayton Purcell, LLP, No. A130540 (Aug. 17, 2011), California's First District Court of Appeal affirmed the trial court's order granting summary judgment in favor of the employer, Brayton Purcell. The appellate court held that California's professional overtime exemption applied to the plaintiff during the period of time he was employed as a law clerk at Brayton Purcell and had not yet passed the California Bar Examination. To learn more about the decision and its implications for employers, please continue reading Littler's ASAP, California Court Finds Professional Overtime Exemption Applies to Law Clerks, by Alan Levins, Kurt Bockes and Rachelle Wills.

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By Diane Kimberlin

In Kuzinski v. Schering Corp, the U.S. District Court for Connecticut has dealt another blow to Schering Corporation’s efforts to prove that its pharmaceutical representatives are not entitled to overtime pay under the federal Fair Labor Standards Act. In ongoing litigation, the court had already rejected Schering’s argument that its pharmaceutical representatives were exempt outside sales employees. Schering tried another tactic, arguing that its sales representatives qualified as exempt from overtime under the administrative exemption. The plaintiffs filed their own motion for summary judgment. Acting on these cross motions for summary judgment, the court issued a decision on August 5, 2011, finding that the sales representatives are not exempt administrative employees.

Employers seeking to apply the FLSA’s administrative exemption must prove that: (1) the employees are paid a salary of at least $455 a week; (2) their “primary duty” is “the performance of office or non-manual work directly related to the management or general business operations of the employer or the employer’s customers;” and (3) the employees’ “primary duty” includes the “exercise of discretion and independent judgment with respect to matters of significance.” According to the district court, Schering’s sales representatives did not meet the second or third parts of this test.

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By Mary Walsh

In Campbell v. PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that unlicensed accountants in California were not ineligible, as a matter of law, from being exempt from overtime under either the professional or administrative exemptions.

Two former unlicensed accountants in a subdivision of PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) filed a class action lawsuit alleging that PwC violated California wage and hour laws by improperly classifying them as exempt from overtime. Plaintiffs claimed they performed predominately routine and menial work and that strict instructions, computer software, and a work review-system precluded them from exercising any significant degree of discretionary judgment or analytical thinking. PwC argued that plaintiffs performed work integral to PwC’s services and to the extent that they did not exercise discretion and independent judgment, they were failing to meet the firm’s expectations. Both parties filed motions for partial summary judgment on whether plaintiffs were exempt under the professional, executive, and administrative exemptions. The district court granted plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment, finding that as a matter of law, PwC could not classify plaintiffs as exempt from overtime under the applicable IWC Wage Order on the grounds that: (1) unlicensed accountants categorically are ineligible for the professional exemption; and (2) PwC had not established an issue of triable fact on whether plaintiffs’ work was performed “under only general supervision,” an essential element of the administrative exemption.

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By Gregory Iskander

Making new law on what qualifies as a “commission” for purposes of the overtime exemption for salespeople, a California Court of Appeal upheld a pay plan that compensates sales employees at a fixed rate for each product sold as opposed to relying on a percentage of the sales price.

In Areso v. CarMax, Inc.¹ a former sales consultant of CarMax filed a class action against the company alleging that CarMax violated the California Labor Code by classifying her and other sales consultants in California as exempt and failing to pay her overtime. CarMax utilized a compensation plan for its sales consultants, who sold used vehicles, warranty plans, and vehicle accessories, with a uniform dollar payment for each sale of a vehicle or service plan. Concerned with the applicability of the California salesperson overtime exemption, CarMax modified its pay plan for California employees and used a formula which took into account the number of vehicles sold and the average price of the vehicles – such that a sales consultant would earn approximately the same uniform payment per vehicle sold. CarMax used this uniform payment based on the number of vehicles sold instead of a percentage of the sales price so that its salespeople did not push higher priced cars.

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By Whitney Ferrer

In Verkuilen v. MediaBank LLC, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit held that an account manager for a company that provides computer software to advertising agencies qualified for the administrative exemption to the Fair Labor Standards Act and was therefore exempt from overtime.

The plaintiff in this case worked as an account manager for MediaBank LLC. In this position, she acted as a “bridge” between the software developers at MediaBank and its customers. As account manager, the plaintiff was responsible for determining the customer’s needs, relaying those needs to the software developers in order to facilitate the customization of the software, and helping the customer use the customized software.

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By Milton Castro

In a collective and putative class action under New York’s overtime and minimum wage laws, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York recently held that the act of being a registered representative pursuant to the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) does not in itself absolve an insurance agent from the “outside salesman” exemption under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Gold v. New York Life Insurance Co.  In Gold, the plaintiff worked for New York Life Insurance Co. as an insurance agent. During his employment, the plaintiff was compensated on a purely commission basis and received no remuneration based on the number of hours he worked. In addition to selling traditional “fixed” insurance policies and annuities, the plaintiff also obtained “Series 6” and “Series 63” licenses, which permitted him to sell “registered” products, including variable life insurance policies and other products regulated by FINRA. With these licenses, Gold became a “registered representative” – a title which requires enhanced duties to clients under FINRA, such as the “Know Your Customer Rule” and the “Suitability Rule.” It was based on these enhanced duties that Gold, in an attempt to escape summary judgment, argued that he should not be considered an “outside salesman” under the FLSA, but rather a financial advisor. The court disagreed.

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By Sarah Green

On April 13, 2011, a federal district court judge in Illinois held, in Mullins v. Target Corp., that “investigators” employed by Target Corporation qualified for the administrative exemption to the FLSA. Accordingly, the court dismissed a putative class action filed against Target by those investigators.

Plaintiff previously worked for Target as an investigator. Her job duties included conducting investigations of fraud and theft occurring at Target’s retail stores in Chicago and Indiana. The employee brought an action individually, and on behalf of all other Target investigators, alleging that she and her fellow investigators were misclassified as exempt and therefore should have been paid overtime.

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Ten years ago, in Bell v. Farmers Insurance Exchange, 87 Cal. App. 4th 805 (2001), the California Court of Appeal held that insurance claims adjusters in that case were nonexempt administrative employees and, consequently, were entitled to overtime pay. That decision lead to a $90 million dollar judgment against the defendant and a slew of copycat lawsuits. Since then, a number of federal courts have gone in the opposite direction and held that claims adjusters are exempt from overtime. See e.g., Palacio v. Progressive Insurance Company, 244 F. Supp. 2d 1040 (C.D. Cal. 2002); McAllister v. Transamerica Occidental Life Insurance Company, 325 F.3d 997 (8th Cir. 2003); Cheatham v. Allstate Insurance Company, 465 F.3d 578 (5th Cir. 2006); In re Farmers Ins. Exch., Claims Representatives’ Overtime Pay Litig., 466 F.3d 853 (9th Cir. 2006); Roe-Midgett v. CC Services, Inc., 512 F.3d 865 (7th Cir. 2008); Robinson-Smith v. Gov’t Employees Ins. Co., 590 F.3d 886 (D.C. Cir. 2010). In Hodge v. Aon Insurance Services, the California Court of Appeal followed this trend and held that Aon’s claims adjusters were properly classified as exempt administrative employees. In doing so, the court in Hodge limited the holding issued 10 years ago in Bell.

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In Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham, the Ninth Circuit issued a strong rebuke to the Department of Labor (and cemented a circuit split) in a remarkable decision upholding the “outside sales” exemption for Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives (PSRs).

The plaintiffs were employed as PSRs for SmithKline Beecham Corporation. The PSRs were classified by their employer as exempt “outside salesmen” under the FLSA and were not paid overtime compensation. The district court granted the employer’s motion for summary judgment, and the PSRs appealed.

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In a significant victory for Massachusetts healthcare employers, on December 20, 2010, the Massachusetts federal court applied the state overtime exemption available to hospitals, nursing homes, and certain other healthcare employers, and dismissed all 13 state wage-law claims in Cavallaro v.UMass Memorial Health Care. Plaintiffs in the case, a class action filed on behalf of 13,000 current and former employees of UMass Healthcare and its subsidiaries, claimed the hospital did not compensate them for time worked: (1) during meal breaks that were automatically deducted from wages; (2) before and after scheduled shifts; and (3) time spent in training sessions. To learn more about the Cavallaro decision and its implications for employers, please continue reading at Littler's Healthcare Employment Counsel blog.

Photo credit: MSRPhoto

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In Songer v. Dillon Resources, Inc., No. 09-10803 (Sept. 3, 2010), a unanimous panel of the Fifth Circuit issued two holdings, both favorable to employers attempting to establish the Motor Carrier Act exemption to the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). The first issue was whether an employee staff-leasing company may assert the Motor Carrier Act exemption embodied in the FLSA. In Songer, one of the defendants was an employee staff-leasing company that hired drivers and assigned them to various interstate trucking companies. In that case, the plaintiffs were assigned to two different trucking companies that hauled aggregate used in the cement and concrete industries. Sometimes the aggregate was hauled across state lines, but in some instances the aggregate was only hauled within the state of Texas. The Fifth Circuit held that a staff-leasing company was entitled to the Motor Carrier Act exemption because it provided drivers to interstate trucking companies. The Fifth Circuit also held that all of the truck drivers were subject to the Motor Carrier Act exemption, even if some of them drove primarily intrastate. The court held that each truck driver did not have to personally participate in interstate commerce but, rather, only had to have a reasonable expectation that he/she could be called upon to drive across state lines. In Songer, all of the truck drivers could reasonably be expected to engage in interstate commerce because the dispatcher randomly assigned trips, some of which crossed state lines; no truck driver had a dedicated route; and all of the drivers had to meet DOL requirements, such as completing DOT logs and drug tests.

This entry was written by Shawn Oller.

Photo credit: MobiusDaXter

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Following a Connecticut district court’s denial of summary judgment to the employer in Ruggeri v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a collective action brought by pharmaceutical sales representatives who claimed the were improperly classified as exempt employees, the pharmaceutical company has been hit with another putative collective action by sales representatives seeking overtime wages. But in this new case, Lopez-Lima v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, filed on July 21, 2010 in the federal District Court for the Southern District of Florida, plaintiffs allege that Boehringer hired them as “non-exempt commission-paid pharmaceuticals sales representative[s].” To learn more about the case, please continue reading at Littler's Healthcare Employment Counsel blog.

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On July 19, 2010, in Jackson v. Alpharma Inc., the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey held that Alpharma, Inc.’s pharmaceutical sales representatives qualify as exempt administrative employees under the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”). The court’s unpublished opinion relies in part on the Third Circuit’s holding in Smith v. Johnson & Johnson, 593 F.3d 280 (3d Cir. 2010).

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The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (“FMSCA”) recently announced its intent to grant a limited, two-year exemption from federal hours of service rules for certain drivers engaged in the transportation of ammonia. The FMSCA, a division of the U.S. Department of Transportation, is currently seeking public comments regarding this proposal.

The FMSCA administers the regulations governing the maximum driving and on-duty time for drivers utilized by motor carriers. On March 22, 2010, FMSCA announced a 90-day waiver of these regulations for drivers involved in the transportation of certain ammonia products.

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On July 6, 2010 the Second Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in In re Novartis Wage and Hour Litigation (“In re Novartis”)¹ that Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation’s pharmaceutical sales representatives (“Reps”) did not meet the requirements of the administrative or outside sales exemptions under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and therefore were incorrectly classified as exempt employees. In so doing, the Second Circuit reversed a decision by the district court for the Southern District of New York and reached a conclusion contrary to that reached by the Third Circuit in the recent Smith v. Johnson & Johnson case.

In support of its decision, the Second Circuit found the following facts: In visits typically lasting no more than five minutes, the Reps provide physicians with information about the benefits of Novartis pharmaceuticals and encourage them to prescribe the products to their patients. Reps may give physicians reprints of clinical studies about the pharmaceuticals, identify the Novartis products for which insurers will pay, organize meals and programs to promote particular products, give physicians samples of drugs, and in many instances get physicians to say they will prescribe Novartis products in the future. Although physicians cannot purchase drugs directly from the manufacturer, the Reps seek verbal commitments from physicians to prescribe Novartis’s drugs to their patients.

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The Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries (BOLI) has amended its administrative rules pertaining to minimum wage, overtime, and working conditions effective June 1, 2010. Generally speaking, the amendments (pdf) conform Oregon’s minimum wage and overtime exemptions to federal law and clarify the rules for meals and rest periods.

First, the amended rules provide that individuals employed in domestic service positions who provide companionship services for individuals who are elderly or infirm (and therefore unable to care for themselves), are not required to be employed by the individual for whom they provide such services in order to be exempt from minimum wage.

Second, under the amendments, Oregon law is consistent with federal law by providing that certain computer system analysts, computer programmers, software engineers, or other similar skilled workers must be paid the equivalent of $27.63 per hour for each hour worked (although not necessarily on an hourly basis).

Third, the amendments state that, except as otherwise provided in the administrative rules, employees who are not relieved of all duties for 30 continuous minutes during their meal period must be paid for the entire 30-minute meal period.

These rules became effective as of June 1, 2010.

This entry was written by Janice Kim.

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On March 25, 2010, the central district court of California denied class certification in two consolidated cases, Spainhower v U.S. Bank and Williams v. U.S. Bank, a decision that could impact plaintiffs’ attempts to certify future misclassification cases in federal court. In their motion, the plaintiffs sought certification of all in-store branch managers whom they claim were misclassified as exempt under the executive, administrative, and outside sales exemptions. Although the plaintiffs’ motion sought class certification under Rule 23(b)(2) or (b)(3), their supporting points and authorities only argued for certification under Rule 23(b)(3). The court found that the plaintiffs failed to meet their burden under Rule 23(b)(3) because individualized factual inquiries would inevitably consume the majority of a trial and overwhelm the adjudication of common issues.

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In a development that may have significant implications for mortgage lenders and other financial services employers, the Department of Labor has issued a new Administrator's Interpretation finding that mortgage loan officers do not qualify as exempt administrative employees under the FLSA, reversing its prior position and withdrawing previous opinion letters concluding to the contrary. To continue reading about this development, see Littler's ASAP Department of Labor Reverses Course: Mortgage Loan Officers Do Not Meet the Administrative Exemption's Requirements by Robert W. Pritchard, R. Brian Dixon and Andrew J. Voss.

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In Schmidt v. Eagle Waste & Recycling Inc., the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court’s grant of summary judgment to a Wisconsin waste removal company and agreed that the defendant properly classified its former “account representative” as exempt under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). The plaintiff had been hired as a “sales representative,” but had adopted the title “account representative,” with the defendant’s permission. Several months after the plaintiff’s employment ended, she sued the defendant under the FLSA for failing to pay her for overtime. The district court granted the defendant’s motion for summary judgment, concluding that the plaintiff’s sales and marketing duties rendered her exempt under both the outside sales and “combination” exemptions to the FLSA. On appeal, the Seventh Circuit agreed.

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In its first Administrator Interpretation Letter, the Wage and Hour Division of the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) announced today that mortgage loan officers do not qualify as bona fide administrative employees under section 13(a)(1) of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). In reversing its prior stance on the issue, the DOL withdrew two opinion letters issued on September 8, 2006 and February 16, 2001, in which it previously had found that loan officers were exempt administrative employees.

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The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit applied the First Amendment’s “ministerial exception” to the claim of a Catholic seminarian, affirming the district court’s Rule 12(c) dismissal of the plaintiff’s claim for overtime pay under the Washington Minimum Wage Act (WMWA). In Rosas v. Corp. of the Catholic Archbishop of Seattle, the Ninth Circuit adopted a new test for determining whether a person is a “minister” for purposes of the ministerial exception.

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In Collins v. Heritage Wine Cellars Ltd. (7th Cir., No. 09-1181, Dec. 21, 2009), the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals analyzed the extent to which drivers who delivered wine exclusively within the State of Illinois were engaged in interstate commerce and, therefore, not entitled to overtime under the Motor Carrier Act exemption to the Fair Labor Standards Act. Specifically, this exemption from overtime applies to employees of a motor carrier if “property ... [is] transported by [the] motor carrier between a place in a State and a place in another State,” provided the employees “engage in activities of a character directly affecting the safety of operation of motor vehicles in the transportation on the public highways of passengers or property in interstate or foreign commerce within the meaning of the Motor Carrier Act.” As the court noted, “[t]he shipment itself must be in some sense interstate commerce (transportation between a place in a state and a place in another state).”

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In Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham,¹ 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 108992 (D. Ariz. Nov. 20, 2009), a federal district court in Arizona held that pharmaceutical sales representatives (PSRs) were “outside salespeople” and therefore exempt from the overtime provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA).

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On October 14, 2009, the U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”) filed an amicus brief in a case pending before the Second Circuit Court of Appeals, In Re Novartis Wage and Hour Litigation, arguing for a stricter interpretation of “outside salesperson” and “administrative employee” exemptions under the federal Fair Labor Standards Act, as applied to pharmaceutical sales representatives. In its brief, the DOL maintains that pharmaceutical sales representatives neither “make sales” nor exercise sufficient discretion to qualify for the exemptions from overtime compensation, urging the Court of Appeals to reverse the district court’s defense judgment below. See In Re Novartis Wage and Hour Litig., 593 F. Supp. 2d 637, 640 (S.D.N.Y. 2009).

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On September 30, 2009, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, in Henry v. Quicken Loans, Inc., 2009 WL 3199788, held that a mortgage lender-employer acted in good faith when it demonstrated that it had reasonably relied upon the September 2006 U.S. Department of Labor Opinion Letter when determining whether its loan officers qualified for the “administrative exemption” to the Fair Labor Standard Act and were therefore ineligible for overtime.

As discussed previously, the issue was initially determined in July by a federal magistrate judge who ruled that an employer’s reasonable reliance on the September 2006 DOL Opinion Letter, as established through affidavit testimony of corporate executives, constituted good faith as a matter of law.  This ruling, contained in the magistrate’s report and recommendation, was adopted and confirmed by the district court and, therefore, the employer faces no liability for potentially misclassifying its loan officers from the date of the DOL letter, September 8, 2006, onward. The court also adopted the magistrate’s decision denying the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment on the merits of the employer’s affirmative defense, based upon the exemption.

This entry was written by Andrew Voss.

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On July 23, 2009, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of American Coach Lines of Miami, Inc. (ACLM). The court held that the plaintiffs, current and former bus drivers of ACLM, qualified for the motor carrier exemption to the federal Fair Labor Standard Act (FLSA) and were therefore not entitled to overtime compensation. Walters, et al. v. American Coach Lines of Miami, Inc., No. 08-15636, 2009 WL 2182419 (11th Cir. July 23, 2009). ACLM’s business operations included, among other things, shuttling cruise ship passengers via bus between the Miami and Fort Lauderdale airports and local hotels and cruise ship ports under contract with cruise lines.

In reaching its conclusion, the court first determined that ACLM was subject to the Secretary of Transportation’s jurisdiction under the Motor Carrier Act (MCA) because ACLM was licensed by the Department of Transportation (DOT), held all of the required authorizations from the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, and had been audited in the past by the DOT. Additionally, ACLM provided bus services that crossed state lines, derived approximately four percent (4%) of its revenue from interstate trips, and held itself out as an interstate motor carrier. Notably, the court rejected the plaintiffs’ de minimis argument – i.e. that ACLM did not fall under the Secretary of Transportation’s jurisdiction because it did not engage in a sufficient number of interstate trips – noting that analysis of the de minimis question requires consideration of both the number of interstate trips made and the percentage of revenue generated by those trips, and suggesting that the de minimis requirement may be altogether inapplicable in situations where a company holds the appropriate federal licensing and there is undisputed proof of some travel across state lines.

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The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals rules that the “outside sales” exemption to the FLSA overtime requirements was properly applied to an executive for a title insurance company whose primary duty was conducting “promotional work” with the company’s clients, even though the employee did not finalize sales herself. According to the court, the executive, who was credited with sales through commission-based compensation, was conducting “sales in some sense.”

For more information about this development, see Littler's ASAP "Eleventh Circuit Holds Title Insurance Executive Who Conducts 'Promotional Work' Exempt Under the FLSA 'Outside Sales' Exemption" by Angelo Spinola and Matthew Laflin.

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The Wage and Hour Division of the Department of Labor (DOL) recently released to the public three December 2008 opinion letters that addressed inquiries regarding FLSA exemption issues.

The first letter (FLSA2008-11) concluded that Assistant Athletic Instructors at an institution of higher education are exempt from the minimum wage and overtime requirements of the Act as bona fide professionals, since their primary responsibility (occupying more than 50% of their time) is teaching student-athletes.

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Many employers do not know that paying a non-discretionary bonus to non-exempt employees will require the payment of additional overtime. The California Court of Appeal’s decision in Marin v. Costco Wholesale Corporation is a good reminder of the need to pay overtime on such bonuses and of the fact that the method for calculating overtime on a bonus depends upon whether it qualifies as a “production bonus” or a “flat rate bonus.”

As a general matter, the payment of a non-discretionary bonus (one that is not discretionary in either the fact that it will be paid or in the formula for calculating it) to non-exempt employees triggers an additional overtime obligation because it retroactively increases the regular rate of pay for the employee receiving the bonus for the time period covered by the bonus. A non-exempt employee is entitled to be paid overtime at 1.5 times (or double, in some cases) the regular rate of pay for each overtime hour worked. With some specific exceptions not relevant here, the regular rate of pay for overtime purposes includes all compensation earned during the workweek. Thus, an employee who is paid a quarterly bonus has received additional compensation that was not included in the regular rate of pay when he or she was paid overtime for hours worked during the quarter at issue. An employer is required to resolve this issue by calculating a “regular rate” of pay on the bonus itself and then paying some portion of that regular bonus rate for each overtime hour worked during the period in which the bonus was earned. The precise method for calculating the overtime due on a bonus depends upon whether the amount of an employee’s bonus increases with each hour worked (in which case it is a “production bonus”) or whether the amount of the bonus is fixed independent of the hours worked (in which case it is a “flat rate bonus”).

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California Labor Code section 515.5 exempts certain employees in the computer software field from the state overtime requirements provided certain criteria are met. Historically, this exemption was only available for employees whose compensation exceeded a minimum hourly rate, which was set annual by the Division of Labor Statistics and Research (DLSR). Effective September 10, 2008, Assembly Bill 10 took effect, which expanded the exemption to include employees who are paid on a salary basis, as long as the salary exceeds certain monthly and annual amounts.

The DLSR has announced the applicable minimum rates for employees to qualify for California’s computer professional exemption. Effective January 1, 2009, the new hourly rate for computer software employees is $37.94 and the minimum annual salary exemption is $79,050.00, which must be paid in amounts no less than $6,587.50 per month. To qualify for the exemption, an employee’s compensation must equal or exceed these amounts and the employee must satisfy each of the elements set forth in section 515.5 of the Labor Code. The employee must be:

• Primarily engaged in duties that consist of at least one of the following: (1) application of system analysis techniques and procedures, including consulting with users, to determine hardware, software or system functional specifications; (2) the design, development, documentation, analysis, creation, testing or modification of computer systems or programs, including prototypes, based on and related to user or system design specifications; and (3) the documentation, testing creation, or modification of computer programs related to the design of software or hardware for computer systems; and
• Highly skilled and proficient in the theoretical and practical application of highly specialized information to computer systems analysis, programming, and software engineering.

This blog entry was authored by Stacey James.
 

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The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit recently held that California’s Labor Code applies to work performed in California by non-residents of California. Sullivan v. Oracle Corporation (08 Cal. Op. Serv. 13,881) (Nov. 6, 2008).

The three Oracle plaintiffs were Colorado and Arizona residents who traveled to California to work for periods ranging from several weeks to several months.  The plaintiffs brought a wage and hour class action against their employer, a Delaware corporation headquartered in California, seeking unpaid overtime on behalf of all out-of-state employees who worked complete days in California. The plaintiffs also brought a claim under California’s Unfair Competition Law (aka/ Business and Professions Code § 17200 et seq.), both for violations that occurred in California and throughout the United States.

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