Managers May Not Escape Personal Liability Under the FLSA Even if the Presumed "Employer" Files For Bankruptcy

On July 27, 2009 the Ninth Circuit issued an opinion stating that individual managers can be held liable under the FLSA even though the company that employed the plaintiffs had filed for bankruptcy. Boucher v. Shaw (9th Cir. 05-15454). In Boucher, the company that employed the plaintiffs, Castaways Hotel, Casino, and Bowling Center, that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in June of 2003, discharged the plaintiffs in January 2004, and then converted to a Chapter 7 liquidation. Later that year, the plaintiffs filed claims under federal and Nevada state law for unpaid wages against three Castaways managers. The district court dismissed the plaintiffs' claims and the plaintiffs appealed. With respect to the state law claim, the issue was certified to the Nevada Supreme Court, which determined that individual managers could not be found liable as "employers" under the relevant Nevada state law. The Ninth Circuit then addressed whether the defendants could be personally liable despite Castaways' bankruptcy.

It is generally settled law that certain managers, depending on factors such as the amount of interest and control they exert over the structure of an employment relationship, can be individually liable for violations under the FLSA as an “employer.” See Lambert v. Ackerley, 180 F.3d 997, 1011-12 (9th Cir. 1999); Chao v. Hotel Oasis, 493 F.3d 26 (1st Cir. 2007). In this case, there was no dispute that the individual defendants could be considered employers under the FLSA. Instead, they argued that the conversion of Castaways' bankruptcy from Chapter 11 to Chapter 7 terminated their duty to pay the plaintiffs their wages. The Ninth Circuit rejected the argument. First, the court noted that the plaintiffs were terminated prior to the conversion to Chapter 7, meaning that their pay had already been earned. The court held further that the nature of the bankruptcy filing by Castaways was irrelevant because Castaways was not a defendant in the wage and hour case, the defendants (the managers) were not debtors in bankruptcy, and an automatic stay intended to protect a debtor could not affect the plaintiffs' claims.

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Newly Enacted Wage and Hour Legislation

Several new wage and hour bills made it through various state legislatures during the second quarter of the year. Below is a wrap up of new developments (including regulatory updates) from April 1, 2009 through June 30, 2009.

Alabama House Bill 144, Effective 5/19/2009. Modifying several aspects of the state child labor laws.

Colorado House Bill 1108, Effective 8/5/2009. Provides that an employer under specified circumstances is subject to penalties if an employee's paycheck is not paid because the employer's bank does not honor the paycheck.

Connecticut House Bill 6185, Effective 10/1/2009. Concerns equal pay discrimination.

Florida House Bill 569, Effective 7/1/2009. Allows wages to be paid by a payroll debit card.

Indiana Senate Bill 465, Effective 7/1/2009. Requires an employer to provide a pay stub to employees and post a notice regarding the state's minimum wage law. The notice must include an employee's basic rights and who to contact for information, questions or complaints.

Iowa House Bill 618, Effective 7/1/2009. Update to civil and criminal penalties, including increase of maximum penalty to $10,000 for the illegal use of child labor, and provides that wage discrimination is an unfair employment practice under the state civil rights act.

Kansas Senate Bill 160, Effective 1/1/2010. Increases the minimum wage from $2.65 an hour to $7.25 an hour.

Maine House Bill 280, Effective 9/18/2009. Requires break time for nursing mothers in the workplace and requires an employer to provide a sanitary space, which must be close to the work area and may not be a bathroom, for nursing mothers to express milk in privacy.

Maryland Code of Administrative Rules 09.12.02.01 -.02, Effective 6/19/2009. Amends rules relating to equal pay for equal work. Requires employers to collect certain employee data, such as the gender and racial classification of their employees and records must be maintained by the employer for 3 years.

Montana House Bill 133, Effective 10/1/2009. Amends the definition of “income” with respect to garnishments to exclude mandatory retirement and disability contributions and union dues.

Nevada Assembly Bill 84, Effective 7/1/2009. Expands exemption for salespersons to any employee in a retail or service business. In order to qualify for the exemption, the employee must earn at least half of his/her compensation through commissions and be paid more than 1½ times the minimum wage.

New Mexico House Bill 489, Effective 6/19/2009. Allows workers to collect treble damages against employers that violate the state's $7.50-an-hour minimum wage law.

North Dakota Senate Bill 2344, Effective 8/1/2009. Exempts the act of breastfeeding from the offense of indecent exposure. An employer may use the designation "infant friendly" on its promotional materials if the employer adopts a workplace breastfeeding policy that includes specific criteria.

Oklahoma Administrative Code sections 380:30-1-7, -3-4, -5, Effective 7/1/2009. Amends rules to clarify the requirements for a valid payroll deduction agreement.

Oklahoma Senate Bill 527, Effective 11/1/2009. Provides that if an employer pays an employee with a check that is subsequently returned by reason of the refusal of the bank to honor the check due to insufficient funds or a stop payment notice, the employer must reimburse the employee for any fees or costs incurred by the employee within 14 days.  Additionally requires employers to post a notice describing the pertinent provisions of the Oklahoma Minimum Wage Act. The notice must be not less than 8 1/2 by 11 inches and must be displayed and accessible to all employees in each establishment under the control of the employer.

Oregon House Bill 2826, Effective 1/1/2010. Increases the hours of the day during which children under 16 years of age may work; provides for additional hours of work during summer.

Oregon House Bill 3474, Effective 1/1/2010. Increases processing fee chargeable to employee by employer for garnishments of employee's wages.

Oregon Senate Bill 373, Effective 1/1/2010. Provides that an obligor and obligee under a support order may bring a civil action for damages against an employer or other person who withholds money under an order to withhold, but who fails to pay the withheld amounts within the time allowed by law.

Vermont House Bill 313, Effective 6/1/2009. Amends the state minimum wage law to clarify that annual adjustments to the state minimum wage are not to result in a decrease in the minimum hourly wage rate.

Washington House Bill 1596, Effective 7/26/2009. Protects a woman's right to breastfeed in a place of public resort, accommodation, assemblage, or amusement.
 

Minimum Wage Increases Set For July

The federal minimum wage is set to increase to $7.25 on July 24, 2009. Additionally, 23 states will also increase the minimum wage for employers subject to state wage and hour laws. The majority of these increases take effect on July 24, 2009, but three states raise their minimum wage effective July 1, 2009.

In addition to noting the wage increase, employers should ensure that they are properly displaying a copy of the state’s current minimum wage poster in a conspicuous location in the workplace that notes the wage increase, even if the increase will not affect hourly employees at any particular workplace.

The following states have increased their state minimum wage:

Delaware
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/09

District of Columbia
• $8.25/hr. effective 7/24/09

Federal
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/09

Florida
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/2009

Idaho
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/09

Illinois
• $8.00/hr. effective 7/1/09

Indiana
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/09

Kentucky
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/1/09

Maryland
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/09

Missouri
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/09

Montana
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/09

Nebraska
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/09

Nevada
• If health benefits are available:
Effective 7/1/09 $6.55/hr (employers subject to the FLSA should see federal requirements)
• If the employer does not provide qualified health benefits:
Effective 7/1/09 $7.55/hr

New Jersey
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/09

New York
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/2009

North Carolina
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/09

North Dakota
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/09

Oklahoma
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/09

Pennsylvania
• $7.25/hr. (large employers) effective 7/24/09
• $7.25/hr. (small employers) effective 7/24/09

South Dakota
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/09

Texas
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/09

Utah
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/09

Virginia
• $7.25/hr. effective 7/24/09

Wisconsin
• $7.25/hr effective 7/24/09
 

Newly Enacted Wage and Hour Legislation

Several new wage and hour bills made it through various state legislatures during the first quarter of the year. Below is a wrap up of new developments (including regulatory updates) since the beginning of the year.

Arkansas House Bill 1552 Effective 7/17/2009.  Requires employers to provide unpaid break time and reasonable locations for expressing breast milk.

California Assembly Bill x2 5 Effective 1/1/2010.  Eases the requirements for an alternative work week. For additional information see our previous Blog entry, Requirements for Use of Alternative Workweek in California Eased Slightly.

Iowa Senate File 618 Effective July 1, 2009. Updates civil and criminal penalties of up to $10,000 for the illegal use of child labor and from $100 to $500 per violation for workplace labor violations.  For additional information see our previous Blog entry New Mexico and Iowa Toughen Penalties for Wage and Hour Violations.

Massachusetts Senate Bill 2438 Effective 4/9/2009.  A mother may breastfeed her child in any public place or establishment or place which is open to and accepts or solicits the patronage of the general public and where the mother and her child may otherwise lawfully be present. The statute doesn't specifically mention employment, however it can be construed to include places of employment.

Montana House Bill 101 Effective 3/20/2009.  Revises the time period that an employer may withhold money from an employee's final paycheck in cases of theft or property or theft of funds.

Missouri Regulation 8 MO-ADC 4.010 et seq Effective 3/30/2009.  The Missouri Department of Labor's minimum wage regulations expressly adopts interpretations of the FLSA, and federal regulations.  For additional information see our previous Blog entry, New Missouri Wage and Hour Rules Reintroduce Federal Interpretations.

Nevada Minimum Wage and Overtime Rates Announced Effective 7/1/2009. For more details see our previous blog entry here.

New Mexico House Bill 849 Effective Jun 19, 2009.  Allows workers to collect treble damages against employers that violate the state's $7.50-an-hour minimum wage law.  For additional information see our previous Blog entry New Mexico and Iowa Toughen Penalties for Wage and Hour Violations.

North Dakota Senate Bill 2344 Effective September 5, 2009.  Provides that if the woman acts in a discreet and modest manner, a woman may breastfeed her child in any location, public or private, where the woman and child are otherwise authorized to be.  Although this portion of the new law it does not expressly mention employers, its terms are broad enough to apply to the workplace.

Oregon Regulation OR-ADC 839-020-0050 Effective 1/12/2009.  Clarifies meal and rest period requirements in situations where providing a 30-minute uninterrupted meal period is not feasible. For additional information see our previous blog entry here.

US House Resolution 11 Effective 5/28/2007.  The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, which Congress made retroactive to May 28, 2007, extends the time period for employees to assert pay discrimination claims by making each paycheck a discriminatory act; not just the initial pay determination. For further information, see Littler ASAP Paycheck Rule Revived for Pay Discrimination Claims with Signing of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act.

Virginia Senate Bill 1264 Effective 7/1/2009.  Allows employers to utilize prepaid credit cards or a debit card without employee's consent for employees hired after January 1, 2010, when the employee has not designated a financial institution to receive direct deposit of the employee's wages.

Wisconsin Regulations DWD 272.01 et seq. Effective 7/24/2009.  Changes the state minimum wage to $7.25 an hour effective July 24, 2009. Also changes opportunity wage and allowance for boarding.

Nevada Minimum Wage and Daily Overtime Rate Changes Effective July 1, 2009

Pursuant to an annual adjustment required by the Nevada Constitution, Governor Jim Gibbons has announced the 2009 minimum wage and overtime rates.

Nevada has a two-tiered minimum wage rate dependent on whether an employer offers qualifying health benefits. As of July 1, 2009, the minimum hourly wage for employees who receive qualified health benefits from their employer will be $6.55. For all other employees, the minimum wage will be $7.55 per hour.

In Nevada, employers must pay one and one-half times an employee's regular rate of pay when an employee: (1) is paid less than one and one-half times the applicable minimum wage rate and (2) works more than 40 hours in any workweek or more than eight hours in any workday, unless otherwise exempted by Nevada Revised Statutes 608.018. Therefore, effective July 1, 2009, the daily overtime may apply if the employee to whom qualifying health benefits have been offered by the employer is paid less than $9.825 per hour. For an employee who is not offered health benefits, daily overtime may apply if the employee is paid less than $11.325 per hour.

This blog entry was authored by Roger Grandgenett.